[Impact of attend to day care associated with healthy weight in infants and preschoolers]. / Impacto del cuidado infantil en guarderías asociado con peso saludable en lactantes y preescolares.

Background: Being overweight affects millions of infants and preschoolers in the world, affecting their quality and life expectancy. Exposure to day care centers may play an important role in preventing unhealthy weight (UW). Objective: To point out the prevalence and association of day care exposure and other factors associated with UW in infants and preschoolers. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. Infant population aged 6-47 months without comorbidities that compromised their nutritional status were included, and those with formal childcare different from the selected day care were excluded. Exposure to day care, and other factors (perinatal, physical activity, nutritional, and familiar) were evaluated. A z score > 1 SD was considered UW. Prevalence, odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and adjusted RM by low birth weight, initiation of complementary feeding, consumption of sugary drinks, daytime naps, maternal nutritional status, and family income quintile through logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of UW was 17.84% (95%CI: 14.93-21.16), 11.84 (95%CI: 8.54-16.14) for children exposed to day care, and 23.78% (95%CI: 19.21-29.02) in unexposed infant population, showing significant differences between both prevalences (p < 0.001). The adjusted OR for UW presentation was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.23-0.66). Conclusions: Exposure to IMSS day care has shown to be a possible protective environment against the development of a UW.

Introducción: el sobrepeso afecta a millones de lactantes y preescolares en el mundo afectando su calidad y esperanza de vida. La exposición a guarderías puede jugar un papel importante para prevenir un peso no saludable (PNS). Objetivo: indicar la prevalencia y la asociación de la exposición a guarderías y otros factores asociados con el PNS en lactantes y preescolares. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyó población infantil de 6-47 meses sin comorbilidades que comprometieran su estado nutricional y se excluyeron a aquellos con un cuidado infantil formal diferente al de las guarderías seleccionadas. Se evaluó la exposición a guardería, y otros factores (perinatales, actividad física, nutricionales, y familiares). Se consideró PNS una puntuación z > 1 DE. Se obtuvieron prevalencias, razones de momios (RM), intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y RM ajustadas por edad, bajo peso al nacer, inicio de la alimentación complementaria, consumo de bebidas azucaradas, siestas diurnas, estado nutricional materno y quintil de ingreso familiar a través de regresión logística. Resultados: la prevalencia general de PNS fue de 17.84% (IC95%:14.93-21.16), 11.84 (IC95%: 8.54-16.14) para la población infantil expuesta a guarderías, y 23.78% (IC95%: 19.21-29.02) en no expuestos, mostrando diferencias significativas entre ambas prevalencias (p < 0.001). La RM ajustada para la presentación de PNS fue de 0.39 (IC95%: 0.23-0.66) para exposición a guardería. Conclusiones: la exposición a guarderías IMSS mostró ser un posible ambiente protector contra el desarrollo de un PNS.

Comparison of disinfection quality in nurseries of Nanjing during 2019-2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the disinfection quality and influencing factors of nurseries in Nanjing during 2019-2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing preventive disinfection strategies and measures in nurseries.@*Methods@#Environmental samples from 389 nurseries in Nanjing from January 2019 to December 2021 were tested, and the change of disinfection quality qualification rate was compared.@*Results@#The overall disinfection qualification rate of nurseries of year 2019-2021 were 96.32%, 95.85% and 94.60%, respectively, showing a downward trend ( χ 2 trend =8.67, P <0.05). Specifically, disinfection qualification rate of object surfaces, staff hands and tableware showed a downward trend, while the disinfection qualification rate of dynamic air showed an upward trend, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2 trend =23.17, 12.32, 5.37, 21.48, P <0.05). The total qualification rate of disinfection in Jiangning and Liuhe districts increased during 2019-2021( χ 2 trend =21.46, 24.05, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Disinfection quality of nurseries in Nanjing has declined by year during 2019-2021, especially the object surfaces and staff hands. It is urgent to optimize and refine the strategies and measures for preventive disinfection in nurseries, strengthen the training of personnel on disinfection knowledge, and ensure the quality of disinfection in nurseries.

Eating habits: what foods do children between 12 and 36 months consume? / Hábitos alimentarios: ¿qué alimentos consumen los niños de 12 a 36 meses? / Hábitos alimentares: que alimentos consomem as crianças dos 12 aos 36 meses?

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify toddlers' eating habits. Method: a cross-sectional study of quantitative analysis, with a sample of 808 toddlers who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal, between November 2018 and September 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents. Results: the prevalence of children who ate six meals a day was 42.8%, and 42.5%, those who ate five meals. It was found that 2.0% of children consumed chocolates, 1.0%, desserts, and 0.4%, carbonated beverages, daily. On average, dairy product (M=5.61; SD=2.62) and meat/fish/egg (M=4.80; SD=3.57) consumption was higher than recommended, while fat (M=0.48; SD=0.40), legume (M=0.49; SD=0.45), vegetable (M=1.18; SD=0.87) and water (M=0 .51; SD=0.29) consumption was lower. Conclusions: there was a higher or lower consumption than recommended for some foods, highlighting the need to implement nursing intervention programs aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in toddlers and families.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los hábitos alimentarios de los niños pequeños. Método: estudio transversal con análisis cuantitativo, con una muestra de 808 niños pequeños que asistieron a guarderías en el distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. La recopilación de datos utilizó un cuestionario dirigido a los padres. Resultados: la prevalencia de niños que hacían seis comidas al día fue de 42,8%, y de 42,5%, los que hacían cinco comidas. Se encontró que el 2,0% de los niños consumía chocolates, el 1,0% postres dulces y el 0,4% bebidas carbonatadas diariamente. En promedio, el consumo de productos lácteos (M=5,61; DE=2,62) y carne/pescado/huevos (M=4,80; DE=3,57) fue superior al recomendado, mientras que el consumo de grasas (M=0,48; DE=0,40), legumbres (M=0,49; DE=0,45), hortalizas (M=1,18; DE=0,87) y agua (M=0,51; DE=0,29) fue menor. Conclusiones: hubo un consumo superior o inferior al recomendado para algunos alimentos, destacando la necesidad de implementar programas de intervención de enfermería dirigidos a promover hábitos alimentarios saludables en los toddles y las familias.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os hábitos alimentares dos toddlers. Método: estudo transversal de análise quantitativa, com amostra de 808 toddlers que frequentavam creches do distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre novembro de 2018 e setembro de 2019. Realizou-se coleta de dados com um questionário direcionado aos pais. Resultados: a prevalência de crianças que diariamente realizavam seis refeições era de 42,8%, e 42,5%, as que realizavam cinco refeições. Constatou-se que 2,0% das crianças consumia chocolates, 1,0%, sobremesas doces, e 0,4%, bebidas gaseificadas, diariamente. Em média, o consumo de laticínios (M=5,61; DP=2,62) e de carnes/peixes/ovos (M=4,80; DP=3,57) era superior ao recomendado, enquanto o consumo de gorduras (M=0,48; DP=0,40), leguminosas (M=0,49; DP=0,45), vegetais (M=1,18; DP=0,87) e de água (M=0,51; DP=0,29) era inferior. Conclusões: verificou-se um consumo superior ou inferior ao recomendado para alguns alimentos, salientando a necessidade de implementação de programas de intervenção de enfermagem que visam promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nos toddlers e famílias.

Avaliação das políticas sociais brasileiras para a eliminação da desigualdade de gêneros / Assessment of the contribution of Brazilian social policies to the elimination of gender inequality

O Estado de Bem-estar é o resultado de uma evolução histórica, econômica, política e social, e dependendo do regime em cada país, haverá políticas sociais mais abrangentes que outras. Tais políticas apresentam um conjunto de garantias necessárias para a redução das distorções provenientes do modelo industrial capitalista que emergiu na Europa, no final do século XIX. Dentre os exemplos mais exitosos destacamos o regime dinamarquês, que ganha destaque neste trabalho por refletir o sistema de licenças familiares mais completo e eficiente, capaz de garantir acesso universal às mães e seus filhos pequenos, minimizando a estratificação social e a mercadorização das garantias sociais. O Brasil está longe dessa realidade, porém passou a desenvolver, após 1930, uma série de políticas sociais as quais, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, passaram a ter caráter universal. A presente pesquisa teve como objeto a análise comparativa das políticas sociais dirigidas às famílias com crianças pequenas no Brasil e na Dinamarca, e como objetivo analisar a contribuição das políticas sociais brasileiras para a superação da desigualdade de gêneros, para a promoção da cidadania das mulheres e do desenvolvimento das crianças. A análise centrou-se na regulamentação das licenças de proteção da maternidade, paternidade e parentalidade; nos subsídios atribuídos às famílias com crianças pequenas e na política de creches dos dois países. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada, principalmente, numa revisão bibliográfica e da legislação, utilizando como fonte secundária a base de dados online da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Google acadêmico, periódicos CAPES, base de dados MISSOC - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, OCDE, ILO e CEPAL. Os dados estatísticos utilizados foram obtidos das bases da OCDE e da Pordata (baseada no Eurostat), Banco Mundial (The World Bank Data), além da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Como resultados encontrei uma disparidade entre os 2 países analisados quanto: a licença parental - ausente no Brasil, e a política de creches na Dinamarca ­ universal a partir de 26 semanas de vida onde os profissionais possuem expertise para atuarem com crianças pequenas nas creches e jardins de infância. (AU)

The Welfare State is the result of a historical, economic, political and social evolution, and depending on the regime in each country, there will be more comprehensive social policies than others. These policies provide a set of guarantees needed to reduce the distortions caused by the capitalist industrial model that emerged in Europe at the end of the 19th century. Among the most successful examples is the Danish system, which is highlighted in this article for reflecting the most complete and efficient family leave system, capable of guaranteeing universal access to mothers and their young children, minimizing social stratification and the commodification of social guarantees. Brazil is far from this reality, but after 1930 it began to develop a series of social policies which, since the 1988 Federal Constitution, have been universal in nature. The purpose of this research is to compare social policies aimed at families with young children in Brazil and Denmark, with the aim of analyzing the contribution of Brazilian social policies to overcoming gender inequality, promoting women's citizenship and children's development. The analysis focused on the regulation of maternity, paternity, and parental leave; the subsidies granted to families with young children and the nursery policy of the two countries. The methodology used was based mainly on a bibliographic and legislative review, using as a secondary source the online database of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Google Scholar, CAPES journals, MISSOC database - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, ILO and CEPAL. The statistical data used was obtained from the OECD and Pordata databases (based on Eurostat), World Bank (The World Bank Data) and National Treasury Secretary of Brazil. As a result, I found a disparity between the two countries analyzed in terms of: parental leave - absent in Brazil and the nursery policy in Denmark - universal from 26 weeks of age where professionals have the expertise to work with young children in day care centers and nurseries. (AU)

Análise da influência do momento do ingresso em creches no desenvolvimento infantil / Analysis of the influence of the timing of enrollment in daycares on child development / Análisis de la influencia del momento de ingreso a las guarderías en el desarrollo infantil

Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre a idade de ingresso nos programas de educação na primeira infância (EPI) e o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da Coorte de Nascimentos da Região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo durante 36 meses, entre os anos de 2012 e 2014, e de seus cuidadores respondentes durante a onda de seguimentos dos 36 meses de idade (realizada entre os anos de 2015 e 2017). O desenvolvimento infantil foi mensurado pelo instrumento Engle Scale do Projeto Regional de Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Infantil (PRIDI). Os programas de EPI foram avaliados em relação a sua qualidade. Foram utilizadas como variáveis expositivas as características sociais das crianças e dos seus cuidadores, bem como as características do contexto econômico e familiar. A amostra foi composta por 472 crianças e cuidadores. Observou-se que o ingresso na creche entre 13 e 29 meses foi o mais frequente. Quando considerados isoladamente, observou-se que uma maior idade de ingresso esteve associada com maior escore de desenvolvimento [β = 0,21, IC95%: 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Após a inclusão das variáveis de ajuste nos modelos de regressão, observou-se que estar inscrito em instituição do tipo privada, tempo total de aleitamento materno, horas trabalhadas fora de casa pelo cuidador principal e o controle inibitório foram determinantes para explicar o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses na amostra. A idade de ingresso mais tardia nos programas de EPI pode ter efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses de idade, porém esses achados precisam ser ponderados.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the age of enrollment into early childhood education (ECE) programs and child development. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Birth Cohort of the Western Region of São Paulo, Brazil, with a 36-month follow-up of children born at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo from 2012 to 2014, and their caregivers who participated in the 36-month follow-up conducted from 2015 to 2017. Child development was measured by the Engle Scale of the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators (PRIDI). ECE programs were evaluated in relation to their quality. The social characteristics of the children and their caregivers, as well as the characteristics of the economic and family context, were used as exposure variables. Our sample consisted of 472 children and their parents/caregivers. The enrollment into daycare from 13 and 29 months was the most frequent. When considered alone, a higher age of enrollment was associated with higher development score [β = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.02; 0.40, p = 0.027]. After adjusting for confounding variables in the regression models, it was observed that being enrolled in a private institution, total time of breastfeeding, time spent by the main caregiver working outside home, and inhibitory control were determinants in explaining the infant development at 36 months in the sample. Older age of entry into ECE programs may have a positive effect on infant development at 36 months of age, but these findings must be carefully considered.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la edad de ingreso a los programas de educación infantil (EPI) y el desarrollo infantil. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de la Cohorte de Nacimientos de la Región Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, con seguimiento de 36 meses de niños nacidos en el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo entre 2012 y 2014 y sus cuidadores durante la ola de seguimientos de los 36 meses de edad (realizada entre los años de 2015 y 2017). El desarrollo infantil se midió utilizando el instrumento Engle Scale do Proyecto Regional de Indicadores de Desarollo Infantil (PRIDI). Los programas de EPI fueron evaluados por su calidad. Se utilizaron como variables expositivas las características sociales de los niños y sus cuidadores, así como las características del contexto económico y familiar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 472 niños y cuidadores. Se observó que el ingreso a la guardería entre 13 y 29 meses fue el más frecuente. Cuando considerados aisladamente, se observó que una mayor edad de ingreso estuvo asociada con mayor puntuación de desarrollo [β = 0,21, IC95%; 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Luego de incluir las variables de ajuste en los modelos de regresión, se observó que el estar matriculado en una institución privada, el tiempo total de lactancia, las horas trabajadas fuera del hogar por el cuidador principal y el control inhibitorio fueron determinantes para explicar el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de la muestra. La edad de ingreso más tardía en los programas de EPI puede tener un efecto positivo sobre el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de edad, pero estos hallazgos necesitan ser ponderados. cia al parto y nacimiento, con seguridad y cuidado, sin afectar los resultados.

Análise da influência do momento do ingresso em creches no desenvolvimento infantil / Analysis of the influence of the timing of enrollment in daycares on child development / Análisis de la influencia del momento de ingreso a las guarderías en el desarrollo infantil

Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre a idade de ingresso nos programas de educação na primeira infância (EPI) e o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da Coorte de Nascimentos da Região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo durante 36 meses, entre os anos de 2012 e 2014, e de seus cuidadores respondentes durante a onda de seguimentos dos 36 meses de idade (realizada entre os anos de 2015 e 2017). O desenvolvimento infantil foi mensurado pelo instrumento Engle Scale do Projeto Regional de Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Infantil (PRIDI). Os programas de EPI foram avaliados em relação a sua qualidade. Foram utilizadas como variáveis expositivas as características sociais das crianças e dos seus cuidadores, bem como as características do contexto econômico e familiar. A amostra foi composta por 472 crianças e cuidadores. Observou-se que o ingresso na creche entre 13 e 29 meses foi o mais frequente. Quando considerados isoladamente, observou-se que uma maior idade de ingresso esteve associada com maior escore de desenvolvimento [β = 0,21, IC95%: 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Após a inclusão das variáveis de ajuste nos modelos de regressão, observou-se que estar inscrito em instituição do tipo privada, tempo total de aleitamento materno, horas trabalhadas fora de casa pelo cuidador principal e o controle inibitório foram determinantes para explicar o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses na amostra. A idade de ingresso mais tardia nos programas de EPI pode ter efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses de idade, porém esses achados precisam ser ponderados.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the age of enrollment into early childhood education (ECE) programs and child development. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Birth Cohort of the Western Region of São Paulo, Brazil, with a 36-month follow-up of children born at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo from 2012 to 2014, and their caregivers who participated in the 36-month follow-up conducted from 2015 to 2017. Child development was measured by the Engle Scale of the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators (PRIDI). ECE programs were evaluated in relation to their quality. The social characteristics of the children and their caregivers, as well as the characteristics of the economic and family context, were used as exposure variables. Our sample consisted of 472 children and their parents/caregivers. The enrollment into daycare from 13 and 29 months was the most frequent. When considered alone, a higher age of enrollment was associated with higher development score [β = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.02; 0.40, p = 0.027]. After adjusting for confounding variables in the regression models, it was observed that being enrolled in a private institution, total time of breastfeeding, time spent by the main caregiver working outside home, and inhibitory control were determinants in explaining the infant development at 36 months in the sample. Older age of entry into ECE programs may have a positive effect on infant development at 36 months of age, but these findings must be carefully considered.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la edad de ingreso a los programas de educación infantil (EPI) y el desarrollo infantil. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de la Cohorte de Nacimientos de la Región Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, con seguimiento de 36 meses de niños nacidos en el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo entre 2012 y 2014 y sus cuidadores durante la ola de seguimientos de los 36 meses de edad (realizada entre los años de 2015 y 2017). El desarrollo infantil se midió utilizando el instrumento Engle Scale do Proyecto Regional de Indicadores de Desarollo Infantil (PRIDI). Los programas de EPI fueron evaluados por su calidad. Se utilizaron como variables expositivas las características sociales de los niños y sus cuidadores, así como las características del contexto económico y familiar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 472 niños y cuidadores. Se observó que el ingreso a la guardería entre 13 y 29 meses fue el más frecuente. Cuando considerados aisladamente, se observó que una mayor edad de ingreso estuvo asociada con mayor puntuación de desarrollo [β = 0,21, IC95%; 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Luego de incluir las variables de ajuste en los modelos de regresión, se observó que el estar matriculado en una institución privada, el tiempo total de lactancia, las horas trabajadas fuera del hogar por el cuidador principal y el control inhibitorio fueron determinantes para explicar el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de la muestra. La edad de ingreso más tardía en los programas de EPI puede tener un efecto positivo sobre el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de edad, pero estos hallazgos necesitan ser ponderados. cia al parto y nacimiento, con seguridad y cuidado, sin afectar los resultados.

Three years of COVID-19 in children that attend the Mexican Social Security Institute's 1,350 child day-care centers, 2020-2023.

Background: Studies have suggested that children are less likely than adults to develop COVID-19; however, with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, hospitalization and death due to this cause have increased among the youngest ones. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive analytical study of the COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths occurred in children under five years who attended in Child Day-Care Centers (Centros de Atención Infantil-CAIs) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) from 20th July 2020 to 31st March 2023. Results were compared with Mexico's and the US's national-level data. Incidence, attack (children and workers) and mortality rates were estimated. The risks of getting sick, being hospitalized and dying due to COVID-19 were calculated by year. Results: There were 4,369 COVID-19 cases among children from IMSS CAIs; 67 (1.5%) required hospitalization and only two deaths were reported (0.04%). Both at IMSS CAIs and at a national level in Mexico and the US, the highest incidences of COVID-19 among children under five years occurred during Omicron prevalence. The attack rate among workers (32.93%) was higher than children (4.99%). Hospitalization and mortality rates in the US decreased since the anti-COVID 19 vaccine was introduced in children older than six months, unlike the rates in Mexico, where the vaccine for this age group was not available. By the year 2020, the children that attended the IMSS CAIs were 77.3% less likely to be hospitalized; 80.9% in 2021, 93.2% in 2022, and 77.7% by March 2023, compared to same age children in Mexico. In 2021, the children that attended IMSS CAIs were 90.6% less likely to die due to COVID-19, and by March 2023, this likelihood was 34.3% lower than the rest of children in this age group in Mexico. Conclusions: Children that attended IMSS CAIs had a smaller risk of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19. However, the high rates of hospitalization and death due to SARS-CoV-2 in children under five years in our country point to the need and urgency of vaccination against this virus in this age group, as well as of the adherence to strict detection and medical referral protocols.

Retrospective analysis of childcare center disinfection in some regions of Anhui Province during 2019-2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the status of childcare center disinfection around the COVID-19 pandemic, the needs of professional technical support, so as to give advice for improvement measures.@*Methods@#Using multi stage stratified sampling method, one was selected from each area of northern and southern Anhui Province, with 3 counties/districts selected from each city. A total of 54, 58, 60 childcare institutions were selected. A questionnaire survey, as well as on site visits and data check were administered in these childcare centers in Anhui Province were implemented. Information regarding the three stage disinfection work from 2019 to 2022 and technical support needs were collected.@*Results@#A total of 54, 58, 60 childcare centers were investigated in 2019, 2020 and 2021-2022. Most of the childcare centers recorded disinfection work (96.3%, 96.6%, 98.3%), while few of them ( 26.4% , 26.3%, 58.3%) monitored disinfection factor intensity. The implementing rate of disinfection effect evaluation was 68.3% at the stage of normal prevention and control, the highest demand rate for professional technical support was guidance and training ( 95.0% ), and the highest demand rate for training content was disinfectant preparation method (81.7%). There were significant differences in the rate of disinfection tableware room allocation (A: 93.3%, B: 70.0%), and the rate of disinfection effect evaluation among different cities (A: 53.3%, B: 83.3%)( χ 2=6.24, 5.46, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#From 2019 to 2022, childcare center disinfection has significantly improved, however, disinfection factor intensity monitoring and disinfection effect evaluation are neglected during the stage of normal prevention and control. The demand for professional technical institutions to provide disinfectant preparation method guidance and training is high.It is suggested to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of disinfection and related technical guidance.

Current status of health standards and health management system in childcare institutions / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Children in childcare institutions are involved with a high degree of contact, poor personal hygiene habits, low resistance, high incidence of disease, infections diseases are easily spread without proper public health management. Compared with child care centers, the construction of national standards, industry standards and management systems for primary and secondary school health is relatively complete, while the applicability of the current hygiene standards and management systems for childcare centers is worth exploring. By reviewing the previous literature, the study sorted out the current status of hygiene standards and hygiene management system in childcare institutions, and assesse their applicability in childcare institutions, so as to provide references for the establishment of hygiene standards and hygiene management system in childcare institutions.

Comprehensive evaluation of the epidemic warning and monitoring system for infectious disease aggregation in schools or daycare institutions with multi source data / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To comprehensively evaluate the early warning monitoring system (WMS) for infectious disease aggregation in schools or daycare institutions with multisource data, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the system, and to provide a basis for optimizing its warning function and exploring further integration of other data sources.@*Methods@#The infectious disease warning data from the Chinese infectious disease Automated alert and Response System(ARS), the Student Health Monitoring System (SHMS) in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, and WMS were collected from January 2021 to July 2023. The indicators such as sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, positive predictive value, early warning and median timeliness were used to comprehensively evaluate the early warning monitoring system.@*Results@#The ARS was not sensitive to common infectious disease warnings in schools or daycare institutions. The median timeliness of the SHMS and the WMS was 1 day. The sensitivity of SHMS and the WMS for early warning of hand foot mouth disease, infectious diarrhea, influenza like cases, chickenpox and other infectious diseases were more than 70%, while the sensitivity for novel coronavirus infection were only 10.42% and 64.58% . The Youden index and positive predictors of the WMS were both the highest.@*Conclusion@#The WMS can timely and effectively warn schools or daycare institutions of clustered epidemics, improve the positive predictive value, but the data sources are still insufficient, and it is necessary to continuously increase the data sources in future exploration to improve the warning ability.

Percepção materna acerca da efetividade de intervenções educativas para estimulação de crianças de risco desenvolvimental / Maternal perception about the effectiveness of educational interventions to stimulate children at developmental risk / Percepción materna sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones educativas para estimular a los niños en riesgo de desarrollo

Objetivo: Evidenciar a percepção materna acerca da efetividade de uma intervenção educativa para estimulação de crianças com risco para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com mães que participaram de uma intervenção educativa em Centros Públicos de Referência em Educação Infantil em um município da Paraíba, sobre a estimulação do desenvolvimento infantil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, nos meses de março a julho 2018, e interpretados por meio da análise temática. Resultados: Destacaram-se a falta de orientação profissional como fragilidades para a estimulação infantil no domicílio, antes da intervenção. A sobrecarga física materna e a ausência paterna na estimulação da criança foram evidenciadas como dificultadores para realização da estimulação domiciliar. Por outro lado, o uso de metodologia ativa e os materiais educativos utilizados na intervenção educativa foram considerados facilitadores para melhora do conhecimento e empoderamento acerca da estimulação infantil. Conclusão: A intervenção educativa, na percepção materna, se mostrou efetiva por proporcionar transformação de atitudes quanto à estimulação dos seus filhos. Ademais, trouxe satisfação e motivação às mães para implementar os estímulos adequados após o novo conhecimento construído. (AU)

Objective: To highlight the maternal perception about the effectiveness of an educational intervention to stimulate children at risk for neuropsychomotor development. Methods: Qualitative research, carried out with mothers who participated in an educational intervention in Public Reference Centers in Early Childhood Education in a city in Paraíba, on the stimulation of child development. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, from March to July 2018, and interpreted through thematic analysis. Results: The lack of professional guidance was highlighted as weaknesses for child stimulation at home, before the intervention. The maternal physical overload and the father's absence in stimulation of the child were evidenced as difficulties to perform home stimulation. On the other hand, the use of active methodology and the educational materials used in the educational intervention were considered facilitators to improve knowledge and empowerment about child stimulation. Conclusion: The educational intervention, in the maternal perception, proved to be effective in providing a transformation of attitudes regarding the stimulation of their children. In addition, it brought satisfaction and motivation to the mothers to implement the appropriate stimuli after the new knowledge built. (AU)

Objetivo: Resaltar la percepción materna sobre la efectividad de una intervención educativa para estimular a niños en riesgo de desarrollo neuropsicomotor. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, realizada con madres que participaron en una intervención educativa en Centros Públicos de Referencia en Educación Infantil de una ciudad de Paraíba, sobre la estimulación del desarrollo infantil. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de marzo a julio de 2018, e interpretados mediante análisis temático. Resultados: La falta de orientación profesional se destacó como debilidades para la estimulación infantil en el hogar, antes de la intervención. La sobrecarga física materna y la ausencia del padre en la estimulación del niño se evidenciaron como dificultades para realizar la estimulación domiciliaria. Por otro lado, el uso de metodología activa y los materiales educativos utilizados en la intervención educativa fueron considerados facilitadores para mejorar el conocimiento y empoderamiento sobre la estimulación infantil. Conclusión: La intervención educativa, en la percepción materna, demostró ser efectiva en brindar una transformación de actitudes con respecto a la estimulación de sus hijos. Además, trajo satisfacción y motivación a las madres para implementar los estímulos adecuados luego de los nuevos conocimientos construidos. (AU)

Survey of Korean daycare personnel on safe sleep practices related to sudden unexplained infant death: a cross-sectional exploratory study.

PURPOSE: Safe sleep practices (SSP) are among the main strategies to reduce sleep-related sudden unexplained infant death (SUID). Daycare personnel must be knowledgeable and trained in SSP related to SUID. This study explored the experience, knowledge, and confidence regarding SSP associated with SUID of daycare personnel. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 395 staff members at 61 daycare centers to measure their experience related to SSP (10 items), related to sleep position and location, bedding materials, and other topics; knowledge of SSP (18 items); and confidence in SSP (1 item) related to SUID. RESULTS: A substantial proportion (23.6%) of respondents used the lateral or prone positions for infant sleep. On average, 4.5 bedding materials were used for infant sleep. Participants showed a lack of knowledge about SSP as indicated by a 56.6% knowledge of SSP related to SUID correct answer rate. Personnel who received SUID education were more knowledgeable and had more confidence regarding SSP than those who did not. More knowledge and confidence related to SSP were associated with better adherence to SSP. CONCLUSION: Standard SSP guidelines should be developed based on South Korea's culture of childcare for educating both childcare professionals and parents at home.

The relationship between parents' sleep quality and sleep hygiene and preschool children' sleep habits.

Objective: The relationship between parents' sleep quality and sleep hygiene and preschool children's sleep habits was examined. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of the parents of all preschool children at daycare centers located in Kermanshah Province. Through cluster sampling, 153 parents from 26 daycare centers were selected. In order to assess the quality of sleep and sleep health of parents, Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) and sleep hygiene index (SHI) were used. As to the status of childrens sleep habits (CSH), the parents also completed child sleep habit questionnaire (CSHQ). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 25. The non-parametric tests like U Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis's test, Spearman's rho, and regression test were used. Results: The mean score of CSHQ from the parents' viewpoint was 56.34±7.96, which meant a relatively improper sleep habits in the children. The CSH was significantly and directly related to parents' sleep quality and all of its subscales except two sub-scales (SSQ and HSE). In addition, CSH was directly and significantly related to the parents' sleep hygiene and its three subscales. The results of multiple linear regression showed that the impact coeffcient of parents' sleep quality (B=1.02), given the t-value, predicted changes in CSH with 0.99 confidence. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that CSH was in a relatively bad state, while it had a direct relationship with parents' sleep quality and hygiene. To improve CSH, it is possible to improve parents' sleep quality through implementing proper programs and motivating parents to observe sleep hygiene.

The Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality of Vegetarian Menu Substitutions in Urban Kansas Childcare Centers.

While plant-based eating has become increasingly popular, little is known of how this trend has impacted childcare center meals. The purpose of this study was to measure the nutrient content and diet quality of vegetarian alternative lunches and compare these measures to those of standard childcare lunches and nutrient benchmarks representing one-third of the Dietary Reference Intake for 3-year-olds and 4-5-year-olds. Menu data were obtained from seven urban Kansas childcare centers participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program and regularly providing a vegetarian alternative lunch. The centers provided detailed menu information for 27 days' worth of meals. The most common vegetarian substitution was cheese, which was used to fulfill all or part of the meat/meat alternative requirement in over three-quarters of the vegetarian alternative meals (n = 22). Compared to the standard meals, the vegetarian alternative meals were higher in calories, fat, saturated fat, calcium, and sodium and lower in protein, choline, and diet quality (p = 0.05). Both lunch options met the benchmarks for vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, and protein. Iron content for both (95% CI: standard 1.61-2.17 mg; vegetarian 1.37-2.7 mg) was below the benchmark. Although additional research is needed to better understand how vegetarianism has impacted childcare meals in the U.S., important differences in the nutrient contents were observed between the standard and vegetarian alternative meals. In addition, the results suggest vegetarian alternative meals that rely heavily on cheese may be of lower diet quality.

Creches são ambientes saudáveis quando se trata de saúde bucal? / Are day care centers healthy environments, when it comes to oral health? / ¿Son saludables los jardines de infancia en lo que respecta a la salud bucal?

Creches são consideradas ambientes saudáveis, pois, para além de cumprir uma missão de educação, exercem influência em cuidados básicos de saúde, responsabilizando-se pela integridade física e emocional da criança, bem como orientando hábitos de higiene, alimentação e socialização interpessoal. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar ambientes de creches, compreendendo melhor os fatores de risco presentes e os padrões de comportamento ensinados, assim como sua associação com cárie dentária, traumatismo dentário e presença de biofilme. Trata-se de estudo transversal com utilização da Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R), escala de avaliação de ambientes, conduzido em dois municípios do interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro, em creches públicas e particulares. Para avaliação das lesões de cárie, seguiu-se o critério do Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie (ICDAS ­ International Caries Detection and Assessment System); para a presença de biofilme, o critério de Alaluusua e Malmivirta; e o critério descrito por O'Brien para lesões traumáticas. A associação entre ambiente e desfechos foi verificada através da comparação de médias para as variáveis numéricas, via teste t de Student e, para variáveis categóricas binárias, empregou-se a regressão logística. Foi verificada uma baixa qualidade dos ambientes das creches em relação à saúde bucal, ficando os escores médios de ambiente no valor mais baixo da escala (entre 1,2 e 1,4), e houve associação estatisticamente significante entre ambientes e cárie (RC: 0,51; IC: 0,29-0,88) e com biofilme (RC: 0,27; IC: 0,17-0,42). Conclui-se que existe uma inadequação do ambiente das creches que não contribui para a construção de conhecimentos relativos à educação para saúde bucal, que se associa com desfechos de saúde bucal. Pode-se, assim, considerar creches como ambientes não saudáveis em relação à saúde bucal.

Child Day Care Centers are considered healthy environments since, beyond the educational role, they still influence basic health care, taking responsibility for the physical and emotional integrity of the child, as well as guiding hygiene habits, feeding habits, and interpersonal socialization. Objectives: In this context, this study aimed to evaluate daycare environments, better understanding the health determinants present and the behavior patterns taught, as well as their association with dental caries, dental trauma, and the presence of biofilm. This is a cross-sectional study using the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R) for assessing environments, carried out in two municipalities in the interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in public and private day care centers. To evaluate caries lesions, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criterion was followed; for the presence of biofilm, the Alaluusua and Malmivirta criteria; and for traumatic injuries, the criterion described by O'Brien. The association between environment and outcomes was verified by comparing means for numerical variables, via Student's t-test and, for binary categorical variables, logistic regression was used. A low quality of day care centers regarding oral health was verified, with the average environment scores at the lowest value of the scale (between 1.2 and 1.4), and there was a statistically significant association between environments and caries (RC: 0.51; CI: 0.29-0.88) and with biofilm (RC: 0.27; CI: 0.17-0.42). In conclusion, there is an inadequacy of the day care environment that does not contribute to the construction of knowledge related to oral health education, which is associated with oral health outcomes. Therefore, day cares can be considered unhealthy environments regarding oral health.

Los jardines de infancia se consideran un ambiente saludable porque, además de cumplir una misión educativa, influyen en los cuidados básicos de la salud, se responsabilizan de la integridad física y emocional del niño, y orientan los hábitos de higiene, alimentación y socialización interpersonal. Por tanto, este estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar ambientes de jardines de infancia para comprender mejor los factores de riesgo presentes y padrones de comportamiento enseñados, así como su asociación con la caries dental, traumatismo dental y presencia de biopelícula. Este es un estudio transversal con utilización de escala Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R), la evaluación de ambientes en guarderías públicas y particulares en dos municipios del estado de Río de Janeiro. Para la evaluación de las lesiones de caries, se siguieron los criterios del International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); para una presencia de biopelícula se utilizó el criterio de Alaluusua y Malmivirta, y el descrito por O'Brien para lesiones traumáticas. La asociación entre el ambiente y los resultados se observó por medio de la comparación de medias para las variables numéricas, mediante la prueba t de Student, y para las variables categóricas binarias, se utilizó la Regresión Logística. Se constató una baja calidad de los ambientes con relación a la salud bucal, con puntajes promedio de ambiente en el valor más bajo de la escala (entre 1,2 y 1,4) y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre ambientes y caries (OR: 0,51; IC: 0,29-0,88) y con biopelícula (OR 0,27; IC: 0,17-0,42). Se concluye que las guarderías son inadecuadas, porque no contribuyen a la construcción de conocimientos relacionados con la educación en salud bucal y esto se asocia a resultados de salud oral. Se puede, de esa forma, considerarlos ambientes no saludables relacionados a la salud bucal.

Corrigendum: Parents' and childcare workers' perspectives toward SARS-CoV-2 test and surveillance protocols in pre-school children day care centers: A qualitative study within the german Wü-KiTa-CoV project.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897726.].

[Results of surveys to users of IMSS children daycare centers during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Resultados de encuestas a usuarios de guarderías IMSS durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

Background: Studies carried out in Mexico show that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted families in every field. Confinement has generated problems and economic, social and health instability in a large sector of the population, especially in the most vulnerable, to which children and adolescents are part of. Objective: To identify the impact of the confinement and closure of children daycare centers from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) derived from the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: Three questionnaire-type surveys were implemented via email for workers who were users of IMSS children daycare centers from September to November 2020. The surveys had a perception design, one- and two-stage, simple random and with results by segments. Results were obtained for independent proportions. The z-test was applied at 95% confidence. Results: Effects on workers and child users of the service derived from the closure of children daycare centers were observed, and it was greater in entities with closed children daycare centers than with those ones in operation (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The negative impact derived from the closure of children daycare centers due to the confinement by COVID-19 in workers who use the service and their children was identified. The spheres with the greatest impact were the economic, the working environment, as well as the children's health (and their families).

Introducción: : estudios realizados en México muestran que la pandemia por COVID-19 ha impactado de forma negativa a las familias en todos los ámbitos. El confinamiento ha generado problemas e inestabilidad económica, social y en la salud en un gran sector de la población, especialmente en el más vulnerable, donde se encuentran los niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: identificar el impacto del confinamiento y el cierre de guarderías del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) derivado de la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: se aplicaron vía correo electrónico tres encuestas tipo cuestionario a trabajadores usuarios del servicio de guardería del IMSS de septiembre a noviembre de 2020. Las encuestas tenían diseño de percepción uni y bietápico, aleatorio simple y con resultados por segmentos. Se obtuvieron resultados para proporciones independientes. Se aplicó el z-test con un 95% de confianza. Resultados: se observó afectación en los trabajadores y en los niños usuarios del servicio derivado del cierre de las guarderías del IMSS, la cual fue mayor en las entidades con guarderías cerradas que en aquellas en operación (p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: se identificó el impacto negativo derivado del cierre de guarderías IMSS por el confinamiento por COVID-19 en trabajadores usuarios del servicio y sus hijos. Los ámbitos con más afectación fueron el económico, el laboral, así como la salud de los niños (y sus familias).

Parents' and Childcare Workers' Perspectives Toward SARS-CoV-2 Test and Surveillance Protocols in Pre-school Children Day Care Centers: A Qualitative Study Within the German Wü-KiTa-CoV Project.

Background: Feasibility of surveillance through continuous SARS-CoV-2 testing in pre-school children and childcare workers (CCWs) to prevent closure of day care centers (DCCs) was proven in the Wü-KiTa-CoV study. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of continuous SARS-CoV-2 testing from the perspective of parents and CCWs involved in the study. Methods: A total of 148 semi-structured telephone interviews, repeated before and after the implementation of the surveillance protocols, were conducted with parents and CCWs belonging to the DCCs involved in Wü-KiTa-CoV and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Five main topical categories that influences implementation of surveillance protocols for SARS-CoV-2 in DCCs emerged: Generating valuable knowledge, Impact on daily life, Communication and information, Children's wellbeing and the Sense of security. Smooth integration in daily routines, quickly delivered test results, and efficient communication and information between the study team and the participants were identified as factors that had a positive impact on implementation. To ensure children's wellbeing, the introduction of non-invasive testing procedures such as saliva testing, parental involvement to motivate, and prepare children for the procedure, the creation of a child-friendly environment for testing, and use of child-friendly explanations were considered critical. The surveillance was found to increase the sense of security during the pandemic. Conversely, reliability of tests in the surveillance protocols, low participation rates, non-transparent communication, the need to travel to testing sites, fear of quarantine in case of positive test results, concerns about higher workloads, the fear of unpleasant feelings for children, their young age, and changing test teams were considered as hindering factors. Conclusion: This qualitative study of parents of children in day care and DCC staff under surveillance through continuous testing for SARS-CoV-2 in nine German DCCs identified several factors that facilitate or hinder its implementation. These should be considered when planning screening interventions to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 or other infectious diseases in pre-school children DCCs.

Healthy Food Environments in Early Learning Services: An Analysis of Manager Survey Responses, Menus and Policies in Regional New Zealand Early Childhood Education and Care Centres.

Healthy food environments in early childhood play an important role in establishing health-promoting nutritional behaviours for later life. We surveyed Early Learning Services (ELS) in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand and describe common barriers and facilitators to providing a healthy food environment, through descriptive survey analysis and thematic analysis of open-ended questions. We used a policy analysis tool to assess the strength and comprehensiveness of the individual centre's nutrition policies and we report on the healthiness of menus provided daily in the centres. Sixty-two centres participated and 96.7% had policies on nutrition compared to 86.7% with policies on drinks. Of the 14 full policies provided for analysis, identified strengths were providing timelines for review and encouraging role modelling by teachers. The main weaknesses were communication with parents and staff, lack of nutrition training for staff and absence of policies for special occasion and fundraising food. With regard to practices in the ELS, food for celebrations was more likely to be healthy when provided by the centre rather than brought from home. Food used in fundraising was more likely to be unhealthy than healthy, though <20% of centres reported using food in fundraising. Only 40% of menus analysed met the national guidelines by not including any 'red' (unhealthy) items. Centre Managers considered the biggest barriers to improving food environments to be a lack of parental support and concerns about food-related choking. These results highlight the need for future focus in three areas: policies for water and milk-only, celebration and fundraising food; increased nutrition-focused professional learning and development for teachers; and communication between the centre and parents, as a crucial pathway to improved nutrition for children attending NZ early childhood education and care centres.

Early Care and Education Center Environmental Factors Associated with Product- and Process-Based Locomotor Outcomes in Preschool-Age Children.

Environmental characteristics of early care and education centers (ECECs) are an important context for preschool-aged children's development, but few studies have examined their relationship with children's locomotor skills. We examined the association between characteristics of the ECEC environment with quantitatively (i.e., product-based) and qualitatively (i.e., process-based) measured locomotor skills, using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and the locomotor portion of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study (CHAMPS) motor skills protocol (CMSP), respectively. ECEC characteristics included outdoor and indoor play environment quality, outdoor and indoor play equipment, screen-time environment quality, and policy environment quality. Mean (SD) scores for the PACER (n = 142) and CSMP (n = 91) were 3.7 ± 2.3 laps and 19.0 ± 5.5 criteria, respectively, which were moderately correlated with each other (Pearson r = 0.5; p < 0.001). Linear regression models revelated that a better policy environment score was associated with fewer PACER laps. Better outdoor play and screen-time environment quality scores and more outdoor play equipment were positively associated with higher CMSP scores. ECEC environments that reflect best practice guidelines may be opportunities for locomotor skills development in preschool-aged children. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03261492 (8/25/17).